Ginseng, a revered herb with a rich history in traditional medicine, has been entangled in a web of controversy due to widespread adulteration. A recent review by the Botanical Adulterants Prevention Program (BAPP) sheds light on this critical issue, revealing a disturbing reality. The study analyzed 910 commercial ginseng products from 48 peer-reviewed publications, and the findings are alarming. Out of these products, a staggering 24.7% were found to be adulterated, primarily through the substitution of declared species with powdered roots or extracts from lower-cost plants. This practice is driven by financial gain, as the cost of Asian and American ginseng roots is relatively similar, but the sale price varies significantly based on root type. Main roots command the highest price, while slender roots are much cheaper, making them attractive for adulteration.
The BAPP review also uncovered the undisclosed presence of active pharmaceutical ingredients in 49.1% of the tested ginseng products, raising further concerns. Dr. Stefan Gafner, a leading expert in the field, emphasizes the persistence of ginseng adulteration, highlighting the economic motivations behind these practices. The genus Panax, which includes the most commonly cultivated ginseng species, is often at the center of these issues. Five- and six-year-old roots are highly valued and can cost up to 60% more than four-year-old roots, making younger roots a common target for adulteration. Other forms of adulteration include the use of lower-cost Panax species, excessive fillers, and the mixing of extracted and waste root material.
The study's findings align with previous research, emphasizing the need for better quality control, stricter regulations, and more accurate labeling to protect consumers. The BAPP's upcoming Botanical Adulterants Prevention Bulletin on ginseng will provide further guidance on this critical issue. The sales of ginseng dietary supplements, valued at approximately US$10.7 million in 2024, underscore the importance of addressing adulteration to maintain consumer trust and safety. As the industry navigates the complex world of ginseng, the BAPP's review serves as a crucial reminder of the ongoing battle against adulteration, ensuring that consumers receive genuine and safe products.
